Rubber to Rubber

We recommend:

3M 80

It's designed for rubber-rubber gluing! And because its a spray adhesive, it will do large areas quickly.

But for smaller jobs (like shoes) we recommend:

Barge

Its easier to apply and with less surface area to adhere its extra strength will be an asset.

Alternately, you could use a tire fixing glue that you might find at an automotive store.